Critics of Differential Association Theory Say That It Is Impossible

Critics of differential association theory say that it is impossible to determine whether differential associations were the cause or the result of criminal behaviour. What must researchers do to answer this criticism?

A) Conduct longitudinal analyses that measures subjects repeatedly over time to determine whether those exposed to excess definitions of deviance eventually become deviant.
B) Assess case studies and self-report surveys asking criminals about the way they felt before and after they committed a crime.
C) Examine interventions in the school system that assess whether certain groups are more prone to differential associations.
D) Conduct surveys of prison inmates that determine the positive influences that those inmates had in their lives.