The Hierarchy of Goals Concept Is Illustrated by the Means-End

The hierarchy of goals concept is illustrated by the means-end chain of goals which suggests that the:

A) short-term goals become the intermediate-range plans, which then become the long-term goals.
B) top-level managers determine what is to be done by middle-level managers, who in turn determine what bottom-level managers will do.
C) operational-level goals must be achieved in order to reach tactical-level goals, which must be achieved in order to reach strategic goals.
D) authority to set goals must flow from the top down through each successive level of the organisation.