References to the "state" or the "states" in the Fourteenth Amendment, by implication, also include local governments, such as counties, cities, townships, and villages.

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The Fourteenth Amendment's references to "state" or "states" have been interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court to apply not only to state governments but also to local governments, including counties, cities, townships, and villages, under the doctrine of incorporation. This means that the protections and restrictions outlined in the amendment are applicable to actions taken by local governments as well.

References to the "State" or the "States" in the Fourteenth