Which of the Following Is a Cause for Crime Identified

Which of the following is a cause for crime identified in the theory proposed by Martin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti?

A) Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.
B) Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.
C) Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.
D) Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.