Robert Sampson and John Laub claim that labeling is one factor leading to ________, which increases the likelihood of a person's involvement in criminal acts during adulthood.

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Robert Sampson and John Laub argue that labeling contributes to cumulative disadvantage, which in turn increases the likelihood of an individual's involvement in criminal activities during adulthood. This concept suggests that negative labels can lead to a series of disadvantages that accumulate over time, making it more difficult for individuals to escape a cycle of criminal behavior.

Robert Sampson and John Laub Claim That Labeling Is One