Eighteen-month-old Paul's environment is not safe. The house he lives in has exposed wiring and lead-based paint around the window frames. For this reason, Paul's mother keeps him in a playpen most of the day. According to Erikson, Paul will most likely develop a sense of __________.

Question

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During this period of development, according to Erikson, children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Eighteen-Month-Old Paul's Environment Is Not Safe