Given the Limits Set by Legal Decision and Some State

Given the limits set by legal decision and some state laws barring the use of race directly for admission to schools and for other purposes as well

A) communities "grandfathered" in their race conscious admission practices so they didn't have to change their admission practices
B) social scientists were faced with the problem of devising indices that did not rely directly on race, but would select in more minority students than using tests would
C) newer methods using complex indices have accomplished the task of maintaining integrated schools even when the pool of applicants is not racially diverse
D) social scientists have been very successful in devising methods that would meet legal constraints on using race as an admission factor and yet maintain integrated schools