US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in His Dissenting Opinion

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in his dissenting opinion in Grutter, the case that accepted the University of Michigan's affirmative action admission plan, argued that

A) a more effective affirmative action plan would avoid stigmatizing African American students in the law school
B) because of the affirmative action plan in the law school, all African American students, whether admitted regularly with excellent credentials or with affirmative action, are stigmatized as the undeserving beneficiaries of racial preferences
C) the threat of confirmation of negative group stereotypes helps African American students to cope positively in mixed racial environments
D) the stigma associated with affirmative action may take place in academic settings but it does not affect African Americans who reach the highest places in government, industry or academia