Which Statement About the Implications of Product Stock-Outs for Retailers

Which statement about the implications of product stock-outs for retailers and manufacturers is FALSE?

A) For retailers generally, brand switching in the short term will likely not adversely impact revenues significantly if the product stock-out is not repeated.
B) If an item that is out-of-stock is not needed immediately by the shopper, many will delay the purchase until a later trip to the same store.
C) Brand switching does not result in direct loss of revenues and profits to manufacturers.
D) Overall, the cost of a stock-out is higher for manufacturers than retailers because most shoppers will engage in substitution behavior, often selecting another brand.
E) Brand loyal shoppers will wait to buy the product, but a different size of the same product, or travel elsewhere to buy the product, thus, out-of-stock costs to manufacturers will be low in the short term.