After delegitimizing racial profiling as a police practice, some police officers have described numerous characteristics other than traffic violations that potentially make one car more suspicious than another, leaving open the possibility of individual officer racial bias in stops and searches. These factors include which of the following:

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The factors listed, such as loud music, cars deemed "out of place," and bumper stickers associated with drug cultures, are all subjective criteria that police officers might use to justify stops and searches, potentially allowing for individual racial biases to influence their decisions.

After Delegitimizing Racial Profiling as a Police Practice, Some Police