According to Bruner (1968), from a cognitive psychological perspective, children's abilities in the musical and kinesthetic domain tend to progress through three stages known as:

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Bruner (1968) proposed that cognitive development progresses through three stages: enactive, iconic, and symbolic. This applies broadly across domains, including musical and kinesthetic learning. In the enactive stage, learning is through actions. In the iconic stage, learning involves mental images and representations. In the symbolic stage, learning is through the use of symbols and abstract thought.

According to Bruner (1968), from a Cognitive Psychological Perspective, Children's