Alternative routes of drug delivery, other than oral, may be needed if the drug is subject to the first-pass effect.

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The first-pass effect refers to the significant metabolism or breakdown of a drug within the liver after it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but before it reaches systemic circulation. Alternative routes of drug delivery, such as intravenous, sublingual, or transdermal, bypass the liver initially, avoiding this first-pass metabolism and potentially increasing the drug's efficacy.

Alternative Routes of Drug Delivery, Other Than Oral, May Be