The results of research by Goldberg (1980) and by Costa and McCrae (1986) indicate that the assessment of personality by means of paper-and-pencil inventories encompasses no more than __________ personality factors.

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The research by Goldberg (1980) and Costa and McCrae (1986) is foundational in the study of personality psychology, leading to the identification of the Five Factor Model of personality, also known as the Big Five personality traits. These traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

The Results of Research by Goldberg (1980) and by Costa