What Was the Western Response to the Problems of International

What was the Western response to the problems of international trade that they experienced in 1400?

A) Western nations halted trade with Asia and the East and became more dependent on European-produced commodities.
B) Many nations sought to establish alliances with the Ottoman Empire in order to restore the trade routes.
C) Overland trade routes through northern Russia were established to the East.
D) Western nations began explorations of alternative routes to Asia that would bypass the Middle East and Muslim realms.