Chimpanzees Washoe, Sarah, and Lana were all much more successful in their attempts at language learning than was chimpanzee Viki because their means of communication did NOT involve

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Washoe, Sarah, and Lana used alternative means of communication such as lexigrams, plastic chips, and sign language, which do not rely on vocal speech. Viki, on the other hand, was less successful because her training focused on vocal speech, which is difficult for chimpanzees due to their physical vocal tract differences from humans.

Chimpanzees Washoe, Sarah, and Lana Were All Much More Successful