All of the Following Have Been Ways That Defensive Alliances

All of the following have been ways that defensive alliances have been used to increase the cost of abandoning an ally when it goes to war EXCEPT:

A) marriages between royal families.
B) publicizing the provisions of the alliance agreement.
C) having a long ratification process for the agreement between the allies.
D) making public statements pledging one's honor to comply with an alliance.
E) agreeing to have a third-party organization force the members to honor their commitment.