Medieval Church Reform

Medieval church reform

A) Was opposed by the kings of France and England because it strengthened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor
B) Was demanded by the Roman aristocracy to prevent imperial intervention in the election of the popes
C) Had as an important background the intervention of Emperor Henry III, who deposed three rival popes and strengthened the papal court
D) Was undertaken without the support of the Clunaic monks because they believed that monasteries, not the papacy, should be the heart of church reform