Psychoanalysts see personality disorders as resulting from

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Psychoanalysts view personality disorders as a result of disturbances in the parent-child relationship, typically in early childhood development. This can lead to maladaptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that persist into adulthood. While unresolved conflicts during the Oedipal or Electra complex and early childhood oral pleasures can play a role in personality development, they are not the primary cause of personality disorders according to psychoanalytic theory. Similarly, defense mechanisms are viewed as a way of coping with underlying conflicts and stress rather than a cause of personality disorders. Penis envy, a Freudian concept, is irrelevant to understanding personality disorders in contemporary psychology.

Psychoanalysts See Personality Disorders as Resulting from