Question 1

_____ refers to the individual's private experience of being male and female.

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense and internal experience of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex they were assigned at birth.

Question 2

Psychoanalytic theory proposes that individuals acquire their sense of being male or female by:

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory, particularly as proposed by Sigmund Freud, suggests that children internalize the behavior and beliefs of their same-sex parent during the phallic stage of development, which contributes to their gender identity formation.

Question 3

Reinforcement and the process of modeling are critical elements in the _____ theory of gender identity.

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive theory of gender identity emphasizes the role of reinforcement and modeling in learning gender roles and behaviors.

Question 4

Hector hears his older brother telling his friends that reading is for sissy girls. When Hector's mom asks him what he wants for his birthday, he says, "Not a book, that's for sure because I am a boy, not a sissy girl." This example illustrates the process of _____ regarding how children learn about gender appropriate behavior.

Accepted Answer

Enactive experience refers to learning through the reactions and feedback of others, which in this case, Hector learns from his brother's comments about reading being associated with girls.

Question 5

Each time his two-year-old son plays with a truck or basketball, Stu smiles and says a few words of encouragement. Stu is employing the_____ theory of gender identity.

Accepted Answer

Stu is using the social-cognitive theory of gender identity, which involves learning behaviors through observation, imitation, and reinforcement, such as encouraging his son when he plays with certain toys.

Question 6

Each time her two-year-old daughter plays with a doll or puts on her high heels to play dress up, Ellen rewards her daughter by saying, "Your are going too be such a pretty mother when you grow up." Ellen is employing _____ to influence the gender development of her daughter.

Accepted Answer

Ellen is using direct tuition, which involves directly teaching or reinforcing specific behaviors or roles, in this case, reinforcing traditional gender roles by praising her daughter for engaging in activities associated with femininity.

Question 7

Little Ronnie knows that each time he plays with a doll or puts on his mother's high heels to play dress up, his parents scold him. Ronnie has learned that being scolded is the _____ for such behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Ronnie has learned that being scolded is the expected outcome for such behaviors, as it is the consequence he consistently experiences.

Question 8

Little Bobby knows that each time he plays with a doll or puts on his mother's high heels to play dress up, his parents scold him. Because of this, Bobby avoids engaging in these behaviors and tries to do things his big brother does, like play with trucks. Bobby's decisions demonstrate that he has developed _____ with respect to gender-related behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Bobby's behavior demonstrates regulatory self-sanctions, where he regulates his behavior based on the anticipated reactions of others, in this case, his parents' disapproval of certain gender-related behaviors.

Question 9

Steven loves to dance, and he has won many awards at local and state dance competitions. Even though he has received lots of teasing by his fellow students, Steven has decided to try out of for the 'Dazzlers," the high school's all-female pep dance team. Steven's decision to try out for the Dazzlers reflects his _______ in his belief that he has the ability to make the team and the sense of gender identity to endure any social distress his decision may cause him.

Accepted Answer

Steven's decision reflects his perceived self-efficacy, which is his belief in his ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, such as making the dance team despite potential social challenges.

Question 10

At four years of age, Kelly enjoys playing with dolls but at six she enjoys playing with trucks while at age twelve, she prefers playing football in the boy's junior league. When doing a paper on how she has changed over time, Kelly writes, "Although what I do may change, I will also be a girl who likes to do a lot of different stuff." Kelly's comments reflect a sense of:

Accepted Answer

Kelly's comments reflect a sense of gender consistency, which is the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time, even if activities and interests change.

Question 11

Little Jason knows that playing the role of the grandmother in his pre-school's play of 'Little Red Riding Hood" will not make him a girl. According to cognitive development theory, Jason is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Jason is demonstrating gender stability, which is the understanding that one's gender is permanent and unchanging.

Question 12

At her first day of daycare, little Jill is asked by the teacher to list her favorite activities. Jill says, "I like to play with my Barbie doll, like girls like to do." This scenario illustrates the _____ theory of gender identity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At her first day of daycare, little...

Question 13

The basis of a gender schema is:

Accepted Answer

A gender schema is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender, including beliefs and expectations about gender roles and behaviors.

Question 14

While watching cartoons on television every Saturday morning, seven-year-old Shawn plays close attention to what male teenage characters do, and he notices that they all seem to be on the football team. When standing around outside with his neighborhood friends and trying to think what they should do, Shawn says, "Let's play football, like I see the teenage boys doing on TV." In this example, Shawn's suggestion is based on the process of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of While watching cartoons on television every Saturday...

Question 15

Little Jill believes that dolls are for girls and trucks are for boys. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of in-group/out-group schema, where Jill categorizes toys based on gender, associating dolls with girls and trucks with boys.

Question 16

Little Dennis pays more attention to what basketball players do than how they dress because he recalls his older brother saying, "Boys care more about slam dunking than looking pretty on the court." This illustrates the influence of _____ on the attention and motivational processes of gender identity.

Accepted Answer

Little Dennis is influenced by his own-sex schema, which is a cognitive framework that organizes information based on gender, leading him to focus more on activities associated with his gender, like slam dunking, rather than appearance.

Question 17

While scanning magazine ads, Macho Mike is most likely to notice the ads:

Accepted Answer

Macho Mike is most likely to notice ads for masculine products as they align with his interests and identity.

Question 18

The belief that "all females sound alike" is most likely to be made by an individual with a(n):

Accepted Answer

An individual with a strong male gender schema may hold stereotypical beliefs about females, such as the idea that "all females sound alike," due to rigid gender norms and expectations.

Question 19

In response to viewing pornographic material and then being interviewed by a female interviewer, gender schematic males are more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Gender schematic males, influenced by traditional gender roles, are more likely to focus on physical appearance and may act in a sexually motivated manner after exposure to pornographic material.

Question 20

In a study involving sexually aroused gender-schematic males, it was reported that they _____ than gender aschematic males.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study involving sexually aroused gender-schematic...

Quiz 12: Gender Identity and Personality: A Special Topic in the Self-Concept