To study the effects of failure on future test performance, a researcher tells half of the participants in her study that they failed the test they were given at the beginning of the session while telling the other half that they scored in the top-ten percent. In reality, she did not even score the test but wanted to create differences in feelings of failure in the two groups. In this case, the researcher used:

Question

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The researcher used deception by misleading participants about their test performance to study the effects of perceived failure.

To Study the Effects of Failure on Future Test Performance