Mechanisms of Transmembrane Signaling Are the Following EXCEPT

Mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are the following EXCEPT:

A) Transmembrane receptors that bind and stimulate a protein tyrosine kinase
B) Gene replacement by the introduction of a therapeutic gene to correct a genetic effect
C) Ligand-gated ion channels that can be induced to open or close by binding a ligand.
D) Transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP-binding signal transducer protein (G-protein) which in turn generates an intracellular second messenger .