Frederick Taylor, a proponent of time and motion studies and "the science of work" in the early 1900s, shifted the strategic focus of companies from practices designed to eliminate rivals to an internal search for efficiencies and, thus, a competitive advantage based on the firm's own capabilities.

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Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management emphasized improving efficiency and productivity within a company, which shifted the focus to internal processes and capabilities rather than external competition.

Frederick Taylor, a Proponent of Time and Motion Studies and "The