Studies Conducted by Naomi Pierce and Her Colleagues on the Relationship

Studies conducted by Naomi Pierce and her colleagues on the relationship between the imperial blue butterfly (Jalmenus evagorus) and the ant (Iridomyrmex anceps) demonstrated:

A) a mutualistic relationship between butterfly pupae/larvae and the ants.
B) that the mutualism provided significant survival benefits to the butterflies and substantial nutritive benefits to the ants.
C) that the butterflies incur substantial costs by producing sugary solutions for the ants.
D) that ants and butterfly pupae/larvae communicate via vibrational cues.
E) all of the above.