Government and private-sector policies that discriminated against minorities and gave whites advantages are described by Oliver and Shapiro as

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Oliver and Shapiro describe these policies as the racialization of the state, which refers to the ways in which the government has played a role in creating and maintaining racial inequality. While Jim Crow laws were a specific set of policies in the South, the racialization of the state refers to more widespread and ongoing forms of discrimination and disadvantage that have been built into various public and private institutions over time. "White entitlement" is also a related concept, but it does not capture the systemic and institutional nature of these policies. "Governmental discrimination" is too broad, as it could refer to any form of discrimination perpetuated by the government, not just those related to race.

Government and Private-Sector Policies That Discriminated Against Minorities and Gave