Essay
While testing the chemiosmotic theory, rescarchers prepared vesicles from bacterial
cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the
use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient
and the membrane potential to
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