Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) argue that in general, ________ norms are more effective than ________ norms in reducing litter.

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Descriptive norms refer to people's perceptions of what is typical or common behavior in a given situation, while injunctive norms refer to people's perceptions of what is appropriate or approved behavior in a given situation. Cialdini and his colleagues found that descriptive norms (e.g. seeing that most people dispose of litter properly) are more effective in reducing litter than injunctive norms (e.g. signs that say "Please don't litter").

Cialdini and His Colleagues (1990) Argue That in General, ________