Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response, but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g., Berkowitz, 1993).A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration, further increasing the odds of aggression.For example, frustration is accentuated when we

Question

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When we are close to achieving our goal but then face an obstacle or setback, it can increase our frustration level. This is because we have put in effort towards achieving our goal, and it is frustrating to be so close but unable to reach it.

B and C could also potentially increase frustration, but it depends on the specific situation. Expecting frustration may increase its intensity, while perceiving a frustrating act as unintentional may still result in frustration but may not necessarily increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior. D is not necessarily a situational factor that would accentuate frustration.

Frustration Increases the Probability of an Aggressive Response, but Does