Results of laboratory experiments with adults (e.g., Bower & Hilgard, 1981) suggest that the one reason why threats of punishment do not seem to deter violent crime in the "real world" is that in the criminal justice system, punishment is

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The laboratory experiments suggest that punishment needs to be swift and certain to be effective in deterring violent crime. However, in the criminal justice system, punishment is often neither of these things, which may explain why threats of punishment do not seem to have a deterrent effect. The other answer choices (A, C, and D) are not supported by the laboratory experiments and are not mentioned as factors that affect the effectiveness of punishment in deterring violent crime.

Results of Laboratory Experiments with Adults (E