Two possible substitutes for strategic alliances include

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The two possible substitutes for strategic alliances are going it alone and acquisitions. Going it alone means developing capabilities in-house or relying on internal resources. Acquisitions involve purchasing or merging with another company to obtain the desired resources or capabilities. These alternatives may be less risky or less dependent on the partner(s) than a strategic alliance. Tacit collision and explicit collision are illegal forms of cooperation among companies and should be avoided.

Two Possible Substitutes for Strategic Alliances Include