China's Confucian scholar-bureaucrats were known by westerners as

Name: China's Confucian scholar-bureaucrats were known by westerners as
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Westerners referred to China's Confucian scholar-bureaucrats as mandarins. The term "mandarin" originates from the Portuguese word "mandarim," meaning counselor or minister, and was used to refer to Chinese officials who passed the imperial examinations and held government positions during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

China's Confucian Scholar-Bureaucrats Were Known by Westerners as