Which of these motivated independence movements in both the Ottoman Empire and Africa in the late 1800s?

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Nationalism, or the desire for self-rule and independent nation-states, was a key motivating factor in the independence movements of both the Ottoman Empire and Africa in the late 1800s. In the Ottoman Empire, various ethnic and religious groups sought independence, while in Africa, nationalist movements emerged in response to colonial rule by European powers. While religious factors and anti-Western sentiment may have played a role in these movements, nationalism was the primary motivating factor.

Which of These Motivated Independence Movements in Both the Ottoman