In 1054, the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church excommunicated each other in a dispute over papal primacy.

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This is known as the Great Schism, when the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church split due to theological and political differences, including disagreements over the authority of the pope. The excommunications of 1054 symbolized a permanent separation between the two churches.

In 1054, the Leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox