The Major Impetus for Reform in the Middle East Was

The major impetus for reform in the Middle East was ​

A) ​the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
B) ​desire to achieve peaceful coexistence of different religious groups.
C) ​how to jump-start economic reforms in a former "gunpowder" empire.
D) ​overcoming the stigma of having sided with the Germans in World War I.
E) ​achieving parity for all nationalities within the former Ottoman Empire.