____ has(have) traditionally been the chief instrument of environmental policy in the United States.
A)Taxes on pollution
B)Voluntary compliance
C)Tradable emissions permits
D)Direct controls

Question

____ has(have) traditionally been the chief instrument of environmental policy in the United States.
A)Taxes on pollution 
B)Voluntary compliance 
C)Tradable emissions permits 
D)Direct controls

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Direct controls, such as restrictions on emissions or regulations on the use of natural resources, have been the most commonly used method of environmental policy in the United States. Taxes on pollution and tradable emissions permits are relatively newer policies that have been implemented to complement or act as alternatives to direct controls. Voluntary compliance, on the other hand, relies on businesses or individuals to self-regulate their environmental impact without any legal penalties, and has not been shown to be as effective in achieving environmental goals.

____ Has(have) Traditionally Been the Chief Instrument of Environmental Policy