The foundation for extending protections in the Bill of Rights to state laws and actions are found in

Question

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The 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause includes the concept of "incorporation," which extends the protections in the Bill of Rights (originally intended to limit only the federal government) to state governments as well. This has been accomplished through a series of Supreme Court cases gradually applying the Bill of Rights to the states over time. Options A, B, and D are important constitutional concepts in their own right, but do not provide the foundation for extending federal protections to state laws and actions.

The Foundation for Extending Protections in the Bill of Rights