In Ekman's studies of emotional experience, participants were usually drawn from either literate, Western cultures, or isolated, preliterate cultures. This describes the studies' _____ variable.

Question

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The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter. In Ekman's studies, the independent variable was the cultural background of the participants, which was either literate and Western or preliterate and isolated.

In Ekman's Studies of Emotional Experience, Participants Were Usually Drawn