The textbook states that many people with PTSD attempt to avoid the environmental cues associated with the trauma. In the language of classical conditioning, these cues are:

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In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (e.g., the environment) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., the trauma) and subsequently elicits a conditioned response (e.g., fear or anxiety). The environmental cues associated with the trauma would therefore be classified as conditioned stimuli. Many individuals with PTSD attempt to avoid these cues as they often trigger distressing memories and symptoms.

The Textbook States That Many People with PTSD Attempt to Avoid