The textbook notes that alcohol is frequently used to "counteract the negative feelings associated with stress." In the language of operant conditioning, alcohol use is therefore often maintained by:

Question

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Negative reinforcement involves the removal or avoidance of something aversive to increase or maintain a behavior. In this case, alcohol use is maintained by the removal of negative feelings associated with stress.

The Textbook Notes That Alcohol Is Frequently Used to "Counteract