With Regard to Primary and Secondary Powers, the Maternity Nurse

With regard to primary and secondary powers, the maternity nurse should know that:

A) Primary powers are responsible for effacement and dilation of the cervix.
B) Effacement generally is well ahead of dilation in women giving birth for the first time; they are closer together in time in subsequent pregnancies.
C) Scarring of the cervix caused by a previous infection or surgery may make the delivery a bit more painful, but it should not slow or inhibit dilation.
D) Pushing in the second stage of labor is more effective if the woman can breathe deeply and control some of her involuntary needs to push, as the nurse directs.