Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs)that act in a manner similar to those of insects. While not specific to a particular pathogen, a TLR can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens. Which of the following is most likely to be recognized by a particular TLR that defends against some viruses?

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Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Double-stranded RNA is a unique macromolecule that is typically only found in viruses and some bacteria. Therefore, it is the most likely molecule to be recognized by a TLR that defends against some viruses. Lipopolysaccharides are found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and can be recognized by TLRs, but they are not specific to viruses. Double-stranded DNA and glycoproteins are present in many organisms, including humans, and therefore are not unique to viruses. Phospholipids are the major component of cell membranes and are not likely to be recognized by TLRs in the context of viral defense.

Mammals Have Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)that Act in a Manner Similar