Distress is a key ingredient in anxiety disorders and may also underlie which of the following disorders in which maladaptive behaviors serve to reduce anxiety and discomfort?

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Dissociative and somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms without a clear medical explanation, which are often used to reduce anxiety and distress. Examples include conversion disorder and somatization disorder. Bipolar and depressive disorders do not necessarily involve anxiety or the use of maladaptive behaviors for relief. Paraphilias and personality disorders are not primarily characterized by distress, but rather by atypical thoughts, behaviors, and relationships. Schizophrenia and delusional disorders involve psychosis and a severe distortion of reality, but distress is not always present.

Distress Is a Key Ingredient in Anxiety Disorders and May