The ability of state institutions to hold each other accountable is called

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Horizontal accountability refers to the ability of state institutions to hold each other accountable in a system of checks and balances. This includes accountability mechanisms such as judicial oversight, independent commissions, and election monitoring. Vertical accountability, on the other hand, refers to the ability of citizens to hold the state accountable through democratic processes. Principal-agent accountability and bureaucratic accountability are more focused on the relationship between individuals within organizations and do not apply to the broader system of state institutions.

The Ability of State Institutions to Hold Each Other Accountable