To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected after the Civil War?

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Despite the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which abolished slavery, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, and established voting rights for African American men, respectively, systemic racism and discrimination persisted. The period of Reconstruction, during which the federal government attempted to protect the rights of African Americans, was short-lived and gave way to a violent backlash in the form of Jim Crow laws and other discriminatory policies that lasted for decades. It was not until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that significant progress was made in protecting the civil rights of African Americans.

To What Extent Were the Civil Rights of African Americans