How Should the Nurse Researcher Expect the Independent Variable to Be

How should the nurse researcher expect the independent variable to be handled differently in a study with an experimental design compared with a study with a quasi-experimental design?

A) An independent variable is neither identified nor needed in a quasi-experimental design.
B) Although both designs identify an independent variable, the nature of the groups (randomization versus no randomization) means manipulation may result in different results.
C) Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the outcome, and quasi-experimental studies allow for independent variables that stand alone.
D) Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs identify it before the research is initiated and quasi-experimental designs identify the independent variable after the data are analyzed.