The main competitor of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company for the monopoly of the Indonesian spice trade was the:

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The Portuguese were the main competitor of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company for the monopoly of the Indonesian spice trade in the 16th century. The Portuguese had established a presence in Indonesia and controlled the Moluccas (also known as the Spice Islands) before the arrival of the British and Dutch. They were major players in the global spice trade and had a significant influence on the development of the region's economy and society.

The Main Competitor of the British East India Company and the Dutch