African American spirituals were transformed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under the influence of the Western classical music style of the dominant American society.

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African American spirituals were often performed in a Western classical music style in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, blending elements of both traditions. This was largely due to the influence of black choral groups and composers who were trained in European classical music but sought to preserve and honor the spirituals as a distinct African American musical tradition.

African American Spirituals Were Transformed in the Late Nineteenth and Early