The chapter's "Seeing Sociology in the News" box explains:

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The "Seeing Sociology in the News" box in the chapter explains that Yemen's lowest caste, the Akhdam, face extreme levels of discrimination and have little hope of social mobility. This suggests that social mobility in Yemen is not based on equal chances or personal intelligence, but is instead affected by factors such as caste and discrimination. There is no mention of traditional religious affiliations as a deciding factor for success in Yemen in the box.

The Chapter's "Seeing Sociology in the News" Box Explains