Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
A) calcium
B) deactivating ions
C) nucleotides
D) second messengers

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Protein or amino acid-based hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane and must rely on second messengers to transmit their signals into the cell. Examples of second messengers include cyclic AMP (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol (DAG). These molecules transmit the hormone signal by binding to intracellular receptors and activating downstream signaling cascades, which ultimately lead to a cellular response.

Virtually All of the Protein or Amino Acid-Based Hormones Exert