One of the reasons that the First Battle of Bull Run was such a sobering experience for both North and South was that both sides:

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Both sides had underestimated each other's strength and tenacity, and were shocked at the level of resistance they faced during the battle. This realization was a sobering experience, as it made it clear that the war was not going to be a quick or easy victory for either side.

One of the Reasons That the First Battle of Bull