One Might Think That the Appeals and Postconviction Review Processes

One might think that the appeals and postconviction review processes would routinely correct situations in which a defendant was wrongfully convicted, but that is clearly not the case. Up until the mid-1990s, public perception was that criminal defendants had gained too many rights during the Warren era, and, as a result, far too many criminal defendants escaped criminal punishment on technicalities (Uphoff, 2006) . Such perceptions led many—including judges and several Supreme Court justices—to deny that wrongful convictions were a major problem (see Herrera v. Collins, 1993) . Since 1989, though, over 329 inmates have been exonerated by DNA evidence, largely due to the efforts of the Innocence Project, the Death Penalty Information Center, and similar organizations (Innocence Project, 2015a; see also Zalman, Smith & Kiger, 2008) . As a result of these exonerations—and media portrayals of them—nearly 40 states have changed their laws to allow for appellate or postconviction review on the grounds of actual innocence and the federal government enacted the Innocence Protection Act of 2004.
-What reason for wrongful convictions plays a role in 72% of the DNA exonerations to date?

A) mistaken eyewitness identifications
B) false confessions
C) improper forensic evidence
D) unreliable informants